Battery thermal management systems are critical for high performance electric vehicles, where the ability to remove heat and homogenise temperature distributions in single cells and packs are key consider. ••Performance of battery immersion cooling and different cooling fluids. AcronymARC Accelerating rate calorimetryBN Boron nitrideBTMS Battery thermal management systemCCC Cell cooling coefficientCEI Cat. The deployment of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has rapidly increased with applications evolving from consumer electronics, to electric vehicles (EVs) and now to grid-scal. 2.1. Coupled electrochemical and thermal behaviourThe performance of a battery is highly thermally coupled and therefore understanding of. The main types of BTMS include air cooling, indirect liquid cooling, direct liquid immersion cooling, tab cooling and phase change materials. These are illustrated in Fig. 5 and in this.